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#deck:Utah AEMT::Medications (2025 protocols)
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Oxygen: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> All<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> Inhaled<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
Oxygen: drug class?	naturally occurring atmospheric gas<br><small>Book p.575</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
Oxygen: action (mechanism)?	reverses hypoxemia.<br><small>Book p.575</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
Oxygen: indications — Book?	"hypoxemia, ischemic chest pain, respiratory insufficiency, CO poisoning, decreased LOC."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
Oxygen: indications — Utah?	"give as needed to keep SpO₂ <b>90–94%</b> (p.8, p.11, p.25).<ul><li>Chest pain: only as needed, targeting ~94% (p.37).</li><li>Altitude illness: keep &gt;90%, NRB preferred for HAPE (p.47).</li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
Oxygen: dose — Book?	NRB 10–15 L/min; cardiac arrest and CO 100%; COPD 0–2 L/min NC or 28–35% Venturi.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
Oxygen: dose — Utah CPAP?	10 L/min with PAP 10 cmH₂O for CHF (p.39). Respiratory distress starts at 5 cmH₂O (p.63).<br><small>EMT+</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
Oxygen: dose — Utah BiPAP?	IPAP 10 / EPAP 5 for CHF (p.39); IPAP 15 / EPAP 5 for respiratory distress (p.63).	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
Oxygen: dose — Utah peds CPAP?	only if the child is on CPAP at home.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
Oxygen: contraindications?	certain COPD/emphysema patients who won't tolerate &gt;35%; hyperventilation.<br><small>Book</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
Oxygen: key notes?	supports combustion. Side effects: decreased LOC and respiratory drive in COPD; dry mucous membranes.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxygen inherited_from_EMT
IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV / IO<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
IV fluids (NS / LR): action (mechanism)?	isotonic crystalloid; replaces water and electrolytes.<br><small>Book p.576</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
IV fluids (NS / LR): indications — Book?	"hypovolemia/shock, keep-open line; for NS also heat illness, freshwater drowning and DKA."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
IV fluids (NS / LR): indications — Utah?	"shock, hyperglycemia, burns, crush, heat/cold, newborn hypoperfusion."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, adult — Traumatic shock?"	"no bolus if SBP &gt;90 or MAP &gt;65 (saline lock or TKO).<ul><li>If below that: 500 mL boluses to SBP &gt;90, or <b>&gt;110 with closed head injury</b>. Call OLMC after 2 L.</li></ul><br><small>p.26</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, adult — Non-traumatic shock?"	"500 mL boluses, max 2 L."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, adult — Cardiogenic shock / CHF?"	"withhold fluids. If a CHF patient needs a bolus, limit it to 250–500 mL (p.39)."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, adult — Dialysis patients?"	"500 mL boluses, max 1 L."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, adult — Cardiac arrest, suspected hypovolemia?"	1 L (p.34).	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, adult — Hyperglycemia?"	1 L over 30–60 min (p.57).<br><small>BS &gt;300</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, adult — Burns?"	"if 2nd/3rd degree &gt;10% BSA or an electrical burn, LR or NS at 500 mL/hr, no bolus (p.91)."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, adult — Crush?"	consider 1 L before release from entrapment (p.93).	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, adult — Heat?"	cool NS 500–1000 mL. <b>Cold:</b> warm NS 500–1000 mL (p.70).	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, peds — Traumatic shock?"	"20 mL/kg (max 1 L), up to 40 mL/kg (max 2 L)."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, peds — Non-traumatic shock?"	"20 mL/kg, up to 60 mL/kg (max 3 L) (p.26)."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, peds — Dialysis?"	"10 mL/kg, up to 20 mL/kg."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, peds — Newborn?"	"10 mL/kg over 5–10 min, then D10 at 10 mL/hr (p.42)."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
"IV fluids (NS / LR): Utah dose, peds — Burns?"	&lt;5 yr 125 mL/hr; 5–13 yr 250 mL/hr; &gt;13 yr 500 mL/hr (p.91).	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
IV fluids (NS / LR): contraindications?	heart failure or renal failure (circulatory overload).<br><small>Book</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
IV fluids (NS / LR): key notes?	"the book also lists D5W (TKO, med dilution; never for volume replacement). Utah doesn't use D5W."	UT_AEMT meds drug::IV_fluids_NS_LR
Oral glucose: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> EMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> PO<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oral_glucose inherited_from_EMT
Oral glucose: drug class?	"hyperglycemic, carbohydrate<br><small>Book p.575</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oral_glucose inherited_from_EMT
Oral glucose: action (mechanism)?	absorbed in the GI tract and raises blood glucose.<br><small>Book p.575</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oral_glucose inherited_from_EMT
Oral glucose: indications?	alert patient with suspected hypoglycemia.<br><small>Book</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oral_glucose inherited_from_EMT
Oral glucose: dose — Utah?	"adult <b>15 g</b>, peds <b>7.5 g</b>, if they can protect their airway. Repeat in 15 min as needed.<br><small>EMT, p.56</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oral_glucose inherited_from_EMT
Oral glucose: dose — Book?	adult 25 g; peds 0.5–1 g/kg.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oral_glucose inherited_from_EMT
Oral glucose: contraindications?	"decreased LOC, nausea, vomiting.<br><small>Book</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oral_glucose inherited_from_EMT
Oral glucose: key notes?	<ul><li>The book says it must be swallowed; it isn't absorbed under the tongue or in the cheek. Recheck glucose ≥10 min after.</li><li><b>Utah's dose is smaller than the book's.</b></li></ul>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oral_glucose inherited_from_EMT
Dextrose: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV / IO<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Dextrose
Dextrose: drug class?	"carbohydrate, hypertonic solution<br><small>Book p.571</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Dextrose
Dextrose: action (mechanism)?	rapidly raises serum glucose; short-term osmotic diuresis.<br><small>Book p.571</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Dextrose
Dextrose: indications?	"hypoglycemia, altered LOC, coma or seizure of unknown cause.<br><small>Book</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Dextrose
Dextrose: Utah dose — Adult?	"<ul><li>D10 125 mL (12.5 g); recheck, and repeat if BG &lt;70. <b>Or</b> D50 12.5 g (25 mL) IV/IO, repeat as needed.</li><li>Glucagon IM if there's no IV/IO.</li></ul><br><small>AEMT, p.57</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Dextrose
Dextrose: Utah dose — Peds?	"D10 5 mL/kg (0.5 g/kg) IV/IO, repeat to a max of 125 mL (12.5 g).<br><small>AEMT, p.57, infant and child</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Dextrose
Dextrose: Utah dose — Newborn?	"D10 at 10 mL/hr for maintenance after the bolus.<br><small>AEMT, p.57, p.42</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Dextrose
Dextrose: Book dose?	D50 25 g. Peds D25 0.5–1 g/kg; neonates D10 200–500 mg/kg.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Dextrose
Dextrose: contraindications?	intracranial hemorrhage with normal glucose.<br><small>Book</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Dextrose
Dextrose: key notes?	<ul><li>Extravasation causes tissue necrosis.</li><li>Check glucose before giving.</li><li>Don't give to a known stroke patient unless hypoglycemia is documented.</li></ul>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Dextrose
Glucagon: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IM<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Glucagon
Glucagon: drug class?	"pancreatic hormone, insulin antagonist<br><small>Book p.572</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Glucagon
Glucagon: action (mechanism)?	raises blood glucose by breaking down stored glycogen.<br><small>Book p.572</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Glucagon
Glucagon: indications?	suspected hypoglycemia with altered LOC; beta-blocker overdose.<br><small>Book</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Glucagon
Glucagon: dose — Utah?	"adult <b>1 mg IM if no IV/IO</b>, may repeat once in 15 min. Peds <b>0.01 mg/kg</b> (max 1 mg) IM if no IV/IO.<br><small>AEMT, p.57</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Glucagon
Glucagon: dose — Book?	"adult 1 mg IM/IN, repeat in 7–10 min. Peds 1 mg if ≥20 kg (or ≥5 yr), 0.5 mg if &lt;20 kg."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Glucagon
Glucagon: contraindications?	"hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity.<br><small>Book</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Glucagon
Glucagon: key notes?	"<ul><li>It doesn't work if glycogen stores are depleted, and it needs reconstitution.</li><li><b>Utah's peds dose (0.01 mg/kg) is a third of the usual 0.03 mg/kg. A 20 kg child gets 0.2 mg vs. 0.5 mg in the book. Worth asking your instructor whether that's a typo.</b></li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Glucagon
Aspirin: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> EMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> PO (chewed)<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Aspirin inherited_from_EMT
Aspirin: drug class?	"platelet inhibitor, anti-inflammatory<br><small>Book p.570</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Aspirin inherited_from_EMT
Aspirin: action (mechanism)?	"blocks thromboxane A₂, so platelets don't clump; also relieves fever and pain.<br><small>Book p.570</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Aspirin inherited_from_EMT
Aspirin: indications?	new chest discomfort suggesting ACS.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Aspirin inherited_from_EMT
Aspirin: dose — Utah?	"<b>325 mg PO chewed if &gt;18 years old</b> and no aspirin allergy. Give even if they take a daily dose.<br><small>EMT, p.37</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Aspirin inherited_from_EMT
Aspirin: dose — Book?	"160–325 mg, chewed. Not for children."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Aspirin inherited_from_EMT
Aspirin: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity; relative: active ulcer disease, asthma.<br><small>Book</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Aspirin inherited_from_EMT
Aspirin: key notes?	use caution with an NSAID allergy (Book). Side effects include bleeding and bronchospasm.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Aspirin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> EMT assists; AEMT gives<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> SL<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: drug class?	vasodilator<br><small>Book p.573</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: action (mechanism)?	"relaxes smooth muscle and dilates arterioles and veins, lowering preload and afterload, so the heart needs less oxygen.<br><small>Book p.573</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: indications?	ischemic chest pain; CHF / pulmonary edema.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: Utah dose — EMT?	"<i>assist</i> with the patient's own prescribed nitro.<br><small>p.37, p.39</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: Utah dose — AEMT?	"<b>0.4 mg SL every 5 min, max 3</b>, while symptoms persist and <b>SBP &gt;90</b>.<ul><li>IV before nitro is preferred but not required.</li><li>If hypotension follows, give a 500 mL NS bolus and stop the nitro.</li><li>Caution in <b>inferior STEMI</b>.</li></ul><br><small>p.38</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: Utah dose — CHF?	"same dose if dyspnea or chest pain persists and SBP &gt;90.<br><small>AEMT, p.39</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: Book dose?	"0.4 mg SL every 3–5 min, max 3. Not for children."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: contraindications — Book?	"hypotension, hypovolemia, intracranial bleed or head injury, tamponade, severe brady- or tachycardia."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: contraindications — Book and Utah?	sildenafil (Viagra) in the last 24 h. <b>Book only:</b> vardenafil (Levitra) or tadalafil (Cialis) in the last 48 h.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: contraindications — Utah?	"any erectile-dysfunction drug in the last <b>24 h</b> (p.37), for men or women."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Nitroglycerin: key notes?	"headache, hypotension, reflex tachycardia. Light and heat break it down."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nitroglycerin inherited_from_EMT
Albuterol: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> EMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> Neb<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Albuterol inherited_from_EMT
Albuterol: drug class?	sympathomimetic bronchodilator<br><small>Book p.570</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Albuterol inherited_from_EMT
Albuterol: action (mechanism)?	selective beta-2 agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.<br><small>Book p.570</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Albuterol inherited_from_EMT
Albuterol: indications?	"wheezing or bronchospasm (asthma, COPD, anaphylaxis, drowning)."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Albuterol inherited_from_EMT
Albuterol: Utah dose — Adult and peds?	"<b>2.5 mg in 3 mL NS nebulized every 10 min</b> until symptoms improve.<br><small>EMT, p.49, p.53, p.63; AEMT, p.54, p.64</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Albuterol inherited_from_EMT
Albuterol: Utah dose — Infants?	"start with 1.25 mg if &lt;1 yr (drowning, p.54). For respiratory distress, give 2.5 mg if wheezing persists after nasal suctioning (p.64).<br><small>EMT, p.49, p.53, p.63; AEMT, p.54, p.64</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Albuterol inherited_from_EMT
Albuterol: Book dose?	"2.5 mg neb over 10–15 min; MDI 1–2 puffs (90–180 mcg). Peds &lt;20 kg 1.25 mg, &gt;20 kg 2.5 mg."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Albuterol inherited_from_EMT
Albuterol: contraindications?	"prior hypersensitivity to albuterol; tachycardia/dysrhythmias, especially from digitalis.<br><small>Book</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Albuterol inherited_from_EMT
Albuterol: key notes?	"side effects include tachycardia, tremor, palpitations and hypokalemia. Beta-blockers blunt it."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Albuterol inherited_from_EMT
Ipratropium: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> Neb<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ipratropium
Ipratropium: drug class?	anticholinergic bronchodilator<br><small>Caroline p.1772</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ipratropium
Ipratropium: action (mechanism)?	"blocks acetylcholine on bronchial smooth muscle, causing bronchodilation.<br><small>Caroline p.1772</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ipratropium
Ipratropium: indications?	"persistent bronchospasm or COPD flare, alongside albuterol."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ipratropium
Ipratropium: Utah dose?	"<ul><li><b>Adult:</b> <b>0.5 mg nebulized, every 20 min, max 2 doses.</b></li><li><b>Peds:</b> 0.5 mg if ≥5 yr, <b>0.25 mg if &lt;5 yr</b>; every 20 min, max 2.</li><li>Check whether your product already combines it with albuterol (DuoNeb).</li></ul><br><small>AEMT, p.64</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ipratropium
Ipratropium: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity to ipratropium, atropine or <b>peanuts</b>. Use caution with glaucoma, urinary retention or cardiac disease.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ipratropium
Ipratropium: key notes?	Caroline says don't give it to children with bronchiolitis.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ipratropium
Epinephrine: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> EMT (IM); AEMT (IV/IO/neb/push-dose)<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IM, IV, IO, neb<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
Epinephrine: drug class?	sympathomimetic<br><small>Book p.571</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
Epinephrine: action (mechanism)?	alpha- and beta-agonist. Alpha causes vasoconstriction; beta-1 raises heart rate and contractility; beta-2 dilates the bronchi. It also blocks histamine.<br><small>Book p.571</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
Epinephrine: indications?	"anaphylaxis, severe asthma, stridor. At Utah AEMT level also: cardiac arrest, hypotension (push-dose) and newborn bradycardia."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
"Epinephrine: Utah dose, adult — Anaphylaxis?"	"<b>0.5 mg IM (1 mg/mL)</b>, repeat every 5 min.<br><small>EMT, p.49</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
"Epinephrine: Utah dose, adult — Severe asthma not responding to nebs?"	"0.5 mg IM every 20 min.<br><small>AEMT, p.64</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
"Epinephrine: Utah dose, adult — Stridor?"	"<b>2 mg (2 mL of 1 mg/mL) in 3 mL NS, nebulized</b>, repeat every 10 min.<br><small>AEMT, p.50, p.64</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
"Epinephrine: Utah dose, adult — Cardiac arrest?"	"<b>1 mg (10 mL of 0.1 mg/mL) IV/IO every 2–4 min.</b><br><small>AEMT, p.34</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
"Epinephrine: Utah dose, adult — Push-dose?"	"<b>10–20 mcg</b> as needed to keep SBP &gt;100 after a fluid bolus.<br><small>AEMT; shock, bradycardia, CHF, ROSC, anaphylaxis, OD, CO/cyanide, envenomation, TBI</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
"Epinephrine: Utah dose, peds — Anaphylaxis?"	"0.01 mg/kg IM, max 0.3 mg; 0.3 mg if &gt;25 kg. Severe asthma: same dose every 20 min."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
"Epinephrine: Utah dose, peds — Stridor?"	same 2 mg neb as adults.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
"Epinephrine: Utah dose, peds — Cardiac arrest?"	"0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mg/mL), max 1 mg."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
"Epinephrine: Utah dose, peds — Push-dose?"	"1 mcg/kg, max 50 mcg total.<ul><li>Target SBP: &gt;70 + (age in years × 2). Birth to 1 month: 60; 1–12 months: 70; over 10 years: 90 (p.26).</li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
"Epinephrine: Utah dose, peds — Newborn?"	"0.01–0.03 mg/kg IV/IO if HR &lt;60 after 30 s of good CPR with PPV, every 3–5 min.<br><small>p.42</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
Epinephrine: Book dose?	"only IM/SubQ 0.3–0.5 mg; peds 0.01 mg/kg, max 0.3 mg."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
Epinephrine: contraindications?	"none in an emergency. Relative: hypertension, hypothermia, pulmonary edema, myocardial ischemia, hypovolemic shock.<br><small>Book</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
Epinephrine: key notes?	<ul><li><b>Utah AEMT is well beyond the book here.</b> The book only covers IM.</li><li>Push-dose mix (Caroline p.1758): 1 mL of 0.1 mg/mL epi + 9 mL NS = 10 mcg/mL.</li><li>Beta-blockers blunt it; MAOIs potentiate it.</li></ul>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Epinephrine inherited_from_EMT
Naloxone: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> EMR (IN) / EMT / AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IM, IO, IN<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Naloxone inherited_from_EMT
Naloxone: drug class?	"opioid antagonist, antidote<br><small>Book p.572</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Naloxone inherited_from_EMT
Naloxone: action (mechanism)?	competes at opioid receptors and reverses opioid respiratory depression.<br><small>Book p.572</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Naloxone inherited_from_EMT
Naloxone: indications?	suspected opioid overdose; altered mental status; cardiac arrest with suspected OD.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Naloxone inherited_from_EMT
Naloxone: Utah dose — EMT?	"<b>0.4–2 mg IN</b>, repeat to maintain breathing.<ul><li>1 mg/mL injectable solution: 2 mg IN every 2–3 min.</li><li>Commercial nasal device: 3–8 mg in one nostril every 2–3 min.</li><li>IM autoinjector 5 mg every 2–3 min.</li></ul><br><small>p.62</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Naloxone inherited_from_EMT
Naloxone: Utah dose — AEMT?	"<b>0.4–2 mg IV/IM/IO/IN</b>, escalating doses every 2–3 min. Max IM volume 3–5 mL.<br><small>p.11, p.34, p.62</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Naloxone inherited_from_EMT
Naloxone: Utah dose — Peds?	<b>0.1 mg/kg</b> (max 2 mg per dose).	UT_AEMT meds drug::Naloxone inherited_from_EMT
Naloxone: Book dose?	0.4–2 mg; repeat every 5 min to 10 mg total. Peds 0.1 mg/kg.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Naloxone inherited_from_EMT
Naloxone: contraindications?	use caution in opioid-dependent patients and in newborns of opioid-addicted mothers.<br><small>Book</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Naloxone inherited_from_EMT
Naloxone: key notes?	"<ul><li><b>Ventilate first.</b></li><li>It wears off before many opioids, so repeat doses may be needed.</li><li>It can trigger withdrawal and combativeness.</li><li>The book says it's generally not helpful in cardiac arrest, but Utah says ""consider"" it in arrest (p.34).</li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Naloxone inherited_from_EMT
Diphenhydramine: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IO, IM<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: drug class?	antihistamine<br><small>Caroline p.1755</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: action (mechanism)?	H1 blocker; also reverses dystonic (extrapyramidal) reactions.<br><small>Caroline p.1755</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: indications?	allergic reaction with hives or itching.<br><small>Utah</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: Utah dose?	"<b>1 mg/kg (max 50 mg) IV/IO/IM</b>, same for adults and peds.<br><small>AEMT, p.50</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity, newborns and premature infants, breastfeeding. Use caution in asthma, glaucoma, enlarged prostate or intoxication.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: key notes?	"drowsiness, thickened secretions, hypotension; kids can get paradoxical excitation. It's a second-line partner to epi, never a replacement."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diphenhydramine
Acetaminophen: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT (⚠ EMT PO in body)<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV (AEMT), PO<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Acetaminophen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Acetaminophen: drug class?	"non-opioid analgesic, antipyretic<br><small>Caroline p.1725</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Acetaminophen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Acetaminophen: action (mechanism)?	mechanism not fully known; blocks pain impulses and prostaglandins in the CNS. Pain and fever relief only; no anti-inflammatory or antiplatelet effect.<br><small>Caroline p.1725</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Acetaminophen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Acetaminophen: indications?	"pain, fever, altitude headache (p.47).<br><small>Utah</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Acetaminophen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Acetaminophen: Utah dose — AEMT?	"adult <b>500–1000 mg IV, infused over 15 min, single dose</b>. Peds <b>15 mg/kg IV (max 650 mg)</b>, single dose.<br><small>p.21, p.55</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Acetaminophen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Acetaminophen: Utah dose — EMT in the protocol body?	"adult 500–1000 mg PO once. Peds 15 mg/kg (max 650) PO or rectal, once.<br><small>p.20, p.55</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Acetaminophen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Acetaminophen: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity, severe active liver disease.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Acetaminophen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Acetaminophen: key notes?	"<ul><li>Hidden in many combination products, so ask what they've already taken.</li><li>⚠ The p.103 appendix lists acetaminophen as AEMT and up only, but the EMT body text gives PO. At AEMT level it's yours either way.</li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Acetaminophen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ibuprofen: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT (⚠ EMT PO in body)<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> PO<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ibuprofen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ibuprofen: drug class?	NSAID<br><small>Caroline p.1770</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ibuprofen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ibuprofen: action (mechanism)?	"blocks prostaglandin synthesis, reducing pain, swelling and fever.<br><small>Caroline p.1770</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ibuprofen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ibuprofen: indications?	"pain, fever, altitude headache.<br><small>Utah</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ibuprofen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ibuprofen: Utah dose — Adult?	"<b>600 mg PO once.</b><br><small>EMT body, p.20, p.55</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ibuprofen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ibuprofen: Utah dose — Peds?	"<b>10 mg/kg PO (max 600 mg) once</b>, only if &gt;6 months old.<br><small>EMT body p.20, AEMT p.21</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ibuprofen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ibuprofen: contraindications?	"NSAID or aspirin allergy, aspirin-sensitive asthma, kidney impairment, pregnancy, peptic ulcer, active GI or intracranial bleeding, clotting problems.<ul><li><b>Utah:</b> under 6 months (p.20).</li></ul><br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ibuprofen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ibuprofen: key notes?	⚠ same appendix-vs-body mismatch as acetaminophen.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ibuprofen UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ketorolac: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IM<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ketorolac
Ketorolac: drug class?	NSAID<br><small>Caroline p.1774</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ketorolac
Ketorolac: action (mechanism)?	potent NSAID that blocks prostaglandins; no sedation.<br><small>Caroline p.1774</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ketorolac
Ketorolac: indications?	moderate to severe pain.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ketorolac
Ketorolac: Utah dose — Adult?	"<b>15 mg IV or 30 mg IM, single dose only.</b><br><small>AEMT, p.21</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ketorolac
Ketorolac: Utah dose — Peds?	"<b>0.5 mg/kg IV/IM (max 15 mg), single dose, only if over 2 years old.</b><br><small>AEMT, p.21</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ketorolac
Ketorolac: contraindications?	"<ul><li>NSAID or aspirin allergy, aspirin-sensitive asthma.</li><li>Kidney problems, hypotension, pregnancy, labor or breastfeeding.</li><li>Ulcer or GI bleed, intracranial bleed, clotting problems.</li><li>Use caution in the elderly.</li></ul><br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ketorolac
Ketorolac: key notes?	Caroline says use caution if the pain may be from trauma (bleeding risk).	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ketorolac
Fentanyl: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IO, IM, IN<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Fentanyl
Fentanyl: drug class?	"synthetic opioid, Schedule II<br><small>Caroline p.1761</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Fentanyl
Fentanyl: action (mechanism)?	"binds opioid receptors, giving analgesia and sedation, but also respiratory depression. 50–100× morphine's potency.<br><small>Caroline p.1761</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Fentanyl
Fentanyl: indications?	"pain. Utah says it may be preferred over morphine in ACS (less platelet activation, p.38)."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Fentanyl
Fentanyl: Utah dose — Adult?	"<b>25–100 mcg every 10 min IV/IO/IM/IN, max 200 mcg.</b><br><small>AEMT, p.21</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Fentanyl
Fentanyl: Utah dose — Peds?	"IV/IM/IO <b>1 mcg/kg (max 50 mcg per dose)</b>; IN <b>2 mcg/kg (max 100 mcg)</b>, may repeat once after 10–15 min. More needs OLMC.<br><small>AEMT, p.21</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Fentanyl
Fentanyl: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity; MAOI use within 14 days. Use caution with GCS &lt;15, hypotension, hypoxia or hypoventilation.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Fentanyl
Fentanyl: Utah cautions?	"<ul><li>Use caution if SBP &lt;100 (peds &lt;70 + 2×age), SpO₂ &lt;90% on room air, or GCS &lt;14.</li><li><b>Halve the dose if the patient is drunk or high.</b></li><li>Have naloxone ready.</li><li>Don't combine with behavioral-emergency sedation.</li><li>Treat pain fully before adding a benzo.</li></ul><br><small>p.19–20</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Fentanyl
Fentanyl: key notes?	rapid push can cause chest-wall rigidity (Caroline).	UT_AEMT meds drug::Fentanyl
Morphine: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IO, IM<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Morphine
Morphine: drug class?	"opioid, Schedule II<br><small>Caroline p.1784</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Morphine
Morphine: action (mechanism)?	"CNS-acting opioid; also dilates veins, lowering preload and afterload.<br><small>Caroline p.1784</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Morphine
Morphine: indications?	acute pain.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Morphine
Morphine: Utah dose — Adult?	"<b>2–10 mg every 5 min IV/IO/IM, titrated, max 15 mg.</b><br><small>AEMT, p.21</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Morphine
Morphine: Utah dose — Peds?	"<b>0.05–0.1 mg/kg (max 4 mg per dose) IV/IM/IO.</b> More doses need OLMC.<br><small>AEMT, p.21</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Morphine
Morphine: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity, MAOI within 14 days, head injury, severe asthma, upper-airway obstruction. Use caution with GCS &lt;15, hypotension or hypoxia.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Morphine
Morphine: key notes?	same Utah pain cautions as fentanyl. Hypotension and histamine release are more common than with fentanyl. Naloxone reverses it.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Morphine
Ondansetron: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT (⚠ EMT ODT in body)<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IM, PO/ODT<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ondansetron UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ondansetron: drug class?	antiemetic<br><small>Caroline p.1791</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ondansetron UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ondansetron: action (mechanism)?	"blocks serotonin (5-HT3) receptors. No dopamine effect, so no dystonic reactions.<br><small>Caroline p.1791</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ondansetron UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ondansetron: indications?	nausea and vomiting; altitude illness.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ondansetron UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ondansetron: Utah dose — AEMT?	"adult <b>4–8 mg IV/IM/PO</b>. Peds <b>&gt;2 yr: 0.1 mg/kg once (max 4 mg)</b>; &lt;2 yr needs OLMC.<br><small>p.18, p.48</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ondansetron UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ondansetron: Utah dose — EMT in the protocol body?	<b>4 mg ODT.</b><br><small>p.18</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ondansetron UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ondansetron: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity, <b>known long QT</b>, taking apomorphine.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ondansetron UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Ondansetron: key notes?	"<ul><li>It prolongs QT, so stacking it with other QT drugs (amiodarone, promethazine, haloperidol) adds up.</li><li>Utah suggests giving an antiemetic before pain meds (p.20).</li><li>⚠ The appendix lists ondansetron as AEMT and up only; the EMT ODT line is body text only.</li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Ondansetron UT_appendix_conflict inherited_from_EMT
Promethazine: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> ⚠ AEMT in body; Paramedic in appendix<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IM<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Promethazine UT_appendix_conflict
Promethazine: drug class?	phenothiazine antiemetic<br><small>Caroline p.1803</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Promethazine UT_appendix_conflict
Promethazine: action (mechanism)?	"H1 blocker with sedative, anti-nausea and anticholinergic effects; strengthens opioids.<br><small>Caroline p.1803</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Promethazine UT_appendix_conflict
Promethazine: indications?	nausea and vomiting.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Promethazine UT_appendix_conflict
Promethazine: Utah dose — Adult?	"<b>12.5–25 mg IV, titrated, only if SBP &gt;100</b> or a peripheral pulse is present.<ul><li>Dilute in 5–10 mL NS and push over 1 min, <b>through the AC or a larger vein.</b></li><li><b>IM 25 mg</b> if there's no IV.</li><li>Avoid in the elderly (sedation).</li></ul><br><small>AEMT body, p.18</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Promethazine UT_appendix_conflict
Promethazine: Utah dose — Peds?	"not recommended; requires OLMC.<br><small>AEMT body, p.18</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Promethazine UT_appendix_conflict
Promethazine: contraindications?	"phenothiazine allergy, heavy CNS-depressant use, Reye syndrome, asthma/lower-airway disease, <b>children &lt;2 yr</b> (fatal respiratory depression).<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Promethazine UT_appendix_conflict
Promethazine: key notes?	"<ul><li>IV extravasation can cause gangrene. Caroline prefers deep IM for that reason.</li><li>QT prolongation.</li><li>⚠ The <b>appendix lists it as Paramedic only</b>, but the AEMT body text gives it. Ask your instructor which applies; your agency's protocol may settle it.</li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Promethazine UT_appendix_conflict
Diazepam: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IO, IM<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diazepam
Diazepam: drug class?	"benzodiazepine, Schedule IV<br><small>Caroline p.1752</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diazepam
Diazepam: action (mechanism)?	"boosts GABA, calming the brain, raising the seizure threshold, sedating and causing amnesia.<br><small>Caroline p.1752</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diazepam
Diazepam: indications?	"seizures, behavioral emergency, shivering from heat illness/cooling. The appendix also lists pain management.<br><small>Utah</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diazepam
"Diazepam: Utah dose, adult — Seizures?"	"<b>5 mg IV/IO every 5 min (max 20 mg)</b>, or <b>10 mg IM</b>, repeat once in 10 min (max 20; IM not preferred).<br><small>AEMT, p.66</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diazepam
"Diazepam: Utah dose, adult — Behavioral?"	"5 mg IV/IO every 10 min (max 20), or 10 mg IM once.<br><small>AEMT, p.52</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diazepam
"Diazepam: Utah dose, adult — Heat shivering?"	"same as seizure doses.<br><small>AEMT, p.70</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diazepam
"Diazepam: Utah dose, peds?"	"<b>0.1 mg/kg IV/IO (max 5 mg)</b>, max total 10 mg; or 0.2 mg/kg IM (max 10 mg)."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diazepam
Diazepam: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity, CNS or respiratory depression, narrow-angle glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, head injury.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diazepam
Diazepam: key notes?	"<ul><li><b>Halve all benzo doses if the patient is intoxicated</b> (Utah p.52, p.66).</li><li>Respiratory depression and hypotension.</li><li>Caroline: halve the dose over age 60.</li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Diazepam
Lorazepam: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IO, IM<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
Lorazepam: drug class?	"benzodiazepine, Schedule IV<br><small>Caroline p.1777</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
Lorazepam: action (mechanism)?	GABA-enhancing anxiolytic and anticonvulsant.<br><small>Caroline p.1777</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
Lorazepam: indications?	"seizures, behavioral emergency, heat shivering.<br><small>Utah</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
"Lorazepam: Utah dose, adult — Seizures?"	"<b>4 mg IV/IO/IM, repeat every 5 min, max 8 mg.</b><br><small>AEMT, p.66</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
"Lorazepam: Utah dose, adult — Behavioral?"	"2 mg IV/IO every 5 min (max 4), or 4 mg IM once.<br><small>AEMT, p.52</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
"Lorazepam: Utah dose, adult — Heat shivering?"	"1–2 mg, max 4.<br><small>AEMT, p.70</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
"Lorazepam: Utah dose, peds — Seizures?"	"0.1 mg/kg (max 4 mg per dose), max 8 mg."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
"Lorazepam: Utah dose, peds — Behavioral?"	0.05 mg/kg.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
Lorazepam: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity, CNS or respiratory depression, glaucoma, sleep apnea, shock, suspected drug abuse.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
Lorazepam: key notes?	dilute IV doses 1:1. Lorazepam is slower to act than diazepam or midazolam for nerve-agent seizures (Caroline).	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lorazepam
Midazolam: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IO, IM, IN<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Midazolam
Midazolam: drug class?	"benzodiazepine, Schedule IV<br><small>Caroline p.1782</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Midazolam
Midazolam: action (mechanism)?	"GABA-enhancing sedative, anxiolytic, amnesic and anticonvulsant.<br><small>Caroline p.1782</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Midazolam
Midazolam: indications?	"seizures, behavioral emergency, heat shivering.<br><small>Utah</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Midazolam
"Midazolam: Utah dose, adult — Seizures?"	"<b>5 mg IN/IV/IO, repeat once in 10 min (max 10 mg)</b>, or <b>10 mg IM</b>, repeat once after 10 min if no IV.<br><small>AEMT, p.66</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Midazolam
"Midazolam: Utah dose, adult — Behavioral?"	"2.5–5 mg IV/IO, or 5 mg IN/IM; repeat once, max 10 mg.<br><small>AEMT, p.52</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Midazolam
"Midazolam: Utah dose, peds?"	"0.1 mg/kg IV/IO (max 5 mg, total 10 mg), or 0.2 mg/kg IN/IM."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Midazolam
Midazolam: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity, CNS or respiratory depression, glaucoma, sleep apnea, shock, alcohol intoxication or overdose, other CNS depressants on board.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Midazolam
Midazolam: key notes?	Caroline says IM midazolam is at least as good as IV lorazepam for stopping seizures. Halve the dose over age 60.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Midazolam
Amiodarone: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IO<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Amiodarone
Amiodarone: drug class?	class III antidysrhythmic<br><small>Caroline p.1730</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Amiodarone
Amiodarone: action (mechanism)?	"blocks Na, K and Ca channels; prolongs repolarization and slows AV conduction.<br><small>Caroline p.1730</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Amiodarone
Amiodarone: indications?	VF/pVT unresponsive to defibrillation (cardiac arrest only at AEMT).<br><small>Utah</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Amiodarone
Amiodarone: Utah dose?	"<ul><li><b>Adult:</b> <b>300 mg IV/IO; then 150 mg after 5 min.</b></li><li><b>Peds:</b> <b>5 mg/kg (max 300 mg)</b>, may repeat to 3 total doses (150 mg max for later doses; 500 mg total).</li><li>Give amiodarone <b>or</b> lidocaine, not both.</li></ul><br><small>AEMT, p.35</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Amiodarone
Amiodarone: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity, <b>iodine</b> allergy, cardiogenic shock, 2nd/3rd-degree AV block, sick sinus syndrome (without a pacemaker). In pulseless arrest these are mostly moot.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Amiodarone
Amiodarone: key notes?	"hypotension, bradycardia, QT prolongation."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Amiodarone
Lidocaine: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IO<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lidocaine
Lidocaine: drug class?	class Ib antidysrhythmic<br><small>Caroline p.1775</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lidocaine
Lidocaine: action (mechanism)?	sodium-channel blocker that calms irritable heart muscle; also a local anesthetic.<br><small>Caroline p.1775</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lidocaine
Lidocaine: indications?	"VF/pVT unresponsive to defibrillation, as the alternative to amiodarone.<br><small>Utah</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lidocaine
Lidocaine: Utah dose?	"<b>1 mg/kg IV/IO, repeat every 3–5 min to a max of 3 mg/kg</b>, adult and peds.<br><small>AEMT, p.35</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lidocaine
Lidocaine: contraindications?	<ul><li>Allergy to amide anesthetics.</li><li>2nd/3rd-degree AV block without a pacemaker.</li><li>Wide-complex escape beats with bradycardia; WPW.</li><li>Prophylactic use in AMI.</li></ul><br><small>Caroline</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lidocaine
Lidocaine: key notes?	"<ul><li>Toxicity: drowsiness, confusion, seizures.</li><li>The AEMT lidocaine <b>drip</b> was removed 11/21/2025. Boluses only.</li><li>The drip and polymorphic-VT use are Paramedic (p.36).</li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Lidocaine
Atropine: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IO<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Atropine
Atropine: drug class?	anticholinergic<br><small>Caroline p.1744</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Atropine
Atropine: action (mechanism)?	"blocks acetylcholine at parasympathetic sites, raising heart rate and drying secretions.<br><small>Caroline p.1744</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Atropine
Atropine: indications?	symptomatic bradycardia. Nerve-agent atropine IV is Paramedic; AEMTs use the kits (#29).<br><small>Utah AEMT</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Atropine
Atropine: Utah dose — Adult?	"<b>1 mg IV/IO every 3 min, max 3 mg.</b><br><small>AEMT, p.32</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Atropine
Atropine: Utah dose — Peds?	"<b>0.02 mg/kg IV/IO, max 0.5 mg per dose</b>, repeat every 3–5 min, <b>max 2 doses.</b><br><small>AEMT, p.32</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Atropine
Atropine: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity. Relative: narrow-angle glaucoma, GI or bladder obstruction, myasthenia gravis, unstable bleeding, thyrotoxicosis.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Atropine
Atropine: key notes?	"<ul><li>Doses &lt;0.1 mg can paradoxically slow the heart.</li><li>It doesn't work in hypothermic bradycardia or heart transplants.</li><li>It raises the heart's oxygen demand.</li><li>Side effects: ""dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat"".</li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Atropine
Hydroxocobalamin: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IV, IO<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: drug class?	antidote<br><small>Caroline p.1769</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: action (mechanism)?	synthetic vitamin B12 that binds cyanide into harmless cyanocobalamin.<br><small>Caroline p.1769</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: indications?	"suspected cyanide poisoning, typically from a closed-space fire, with <b>GCS &lt;10 or SBP &lt;90 plus soot</b> in the mouth, nose or airway (p.71, p.72).<br><small>Utah</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Utah dose — Adult?	<b>5 g (one vial) IV/IO over 15 min</b> (~15 mL/min).<br><small>AEMT</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Utah dose — Peds?	"<b>70 mg/kg (max 5 g)</b> over 15 min, under OLMC or Poison Control direction.<br><small>AEMT</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: contraindications?	documented hypersensitivity.<br><small>Caroline</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: key notes?	"<ul><li>Turns skin and urine red, making <b>pulse-ox readings unreliable.</b></li><li>Reconstitute with 200 mL NS or LR.</li><li>Draw blood first if possible (it interferes with labs).</li><li>Don't run it in the same line as diazepam or nitro.</li></ul>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Hydroxocobalamin
Oxytocin: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> AEMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IM<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxytocin
Oxytocin: drug class?	pituitary hormone<br><small>Caroline p.1795</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxytocin
Oxytocin: action (mechanism)?	"stronger, more frequent uterine contractions, which clamp down postpartum bleeding.<br><small>Caroline p.1795</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxytocin
Oxytocin: indications?	"after delivery, to control postpartum hemorrhage.<br><small>Utah</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxytocin
Oxytocin: Utah dose?	"<b>10 units IM after the baby is delivered and you've confirmed there are no more babies.</b> If unsure, call medical control or don't give it.<br><small>AEMT, p.59</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxytocin
Oxytocin: contraindications?	hypersensitivity; <b>another fetus still in the uterus</b>; abnormal fetal position or non-vaginal delivery expected.<br><small>Caroline</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxytocin
Oxytocin: key notes?	the key safety point is to confirm there's no second baby first.	UT_AEMT meds drug::Oxytocin
Calcium gluconate: Utah level and AEMT routes?	"<b>Utah level:</b> ⚠ AEMT in body; Paramedic in appendix<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> Topical, PO<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Calcium_gluconate UT_appendix_conflict
Calcium gluconate: drug class?	electrolyte<br><small>Caroline p.1748</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Calcium_gluconate UT_appendix_conflict
Calcium gluconate: action (mechanism)?	"calcium binds fluoride ions, limiting tissue damage in HF acid burns. Systemically it stabilizes heart-muscle membranes (Paramedic use).<br><small>Caroline p.1748</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Calcium_gluconate UT_appendix_conflict
Calcium gluconate: indications?	hydrofluoric acid exposure only (p.74).<br><small>Utah AEMT</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Calcium_gluconate UT_appendix_conflict
Calcium gluconate: Utah dose?	"<ul><li><b>Skin:</b> gel made from <b>25 mL of 10% calcium gluconate in 75 mL sterile water-soluble lubricant</b>, applied topically. For hand exposure, possibly inside a glove.</li><li><b>Swallowed:</b> if alert and no IV, <b>calcium gluconate 1 g PO</b> (""AEMT and PM only"").</li><li>IV calcium is Paramedic.</li></ul><br><small>AEMT, p.74</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Calcium_gluconate UT_appendix_conflict
Calcium gluconate: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity, digoxin toxicity, high calcium.<br><small>Caroline</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Calcium_gluconate UT_appendix_conflict
Calcium gluconate: key notes?	<ul><li>Also soak the skin in magnesium antacids (Maalox/Mylanta) and irrigate.</li><li>Caroline's gel recipe differs (35 mL in 150 mL gel).</li><li>⚠ The <b>appendix lists calcium as Paramedic only.</b></li></ul>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Calcium_gluconate UT_appendix_conflict
Nerve-agent kits: Utah level and AEMT routes?	<b>Utah level:</b> EMT<br><b>AEMT routes:</b> IM autoinjector<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103 appendix + protocol body</small>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nerve_agent_kits inherited_from_EMT
Nerve-agent kits: action (mechanism)?	"atropine blocks the excess acetylcholine (SLUDGEM), and pralidoxime (Caroline p.1799) frees the poisoned acetylcholinesterase. 600 mg pralidoxime per autoinjector."	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nerve_agent_kits inherited_from_EMT
Nerve-agent kits: indications?	"organophosphate or nerve-agent exposure.<br><small>Utah EMT, p.76</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nerve_agent_kits inherited_from_EMT
Nerve-agent kits: Utah dose — Mild?	"may need nothing.<br><small>EMT, inherited by AEMT, pinpoint pupils only, or no symptoms</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nerve_agent_kits inherited_from_EMT
Nerve-agent kits: Utah dose — Moderate?	"<b>1–2 kits.</b><br><small>EMT, inherited by AEMT, SLUDGEM</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nerve_agent_kits inherited_from_EMT
Nerve-agent kits: Utah dose — Severe?	"<b>3 kits.</b><br><small>EMT, inherited by AEMT, respiratory distress + SLUDGEM, seizures, unconscious</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nerve_agent_kits inherited_from_EMT
Nerve-agent kits: Utah dose — Peds?	"contact OLMC or Poison Control.<br><small>EMT, inherited by AEMT</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nerve_agent_kits inherited_from_EMT
Nerve-agent kits: contraindications?	"hypersensitivity. Reduce the dose with renal impairment or myasthenia gravis.<br><small>Caroline, pralidoxime</small>"	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nerve_agent_kits inherited_from_EMT
Nerve-agent kits: key notes?	<ul><li>Protect yourself first. Decontaminate and remove clothing.</li><li>Statewide CHEMPACK antidote caches can be requested through dispatch (p.76).</li><li>Pralidoxime works best given early.</li></ul>	UT_AEMT meds drug::Nerve_agent_kits inherited_from_EMT
Nitropaste: AEMT book use? (not in Utah protocols)	1/2–3/4 inch transdermal. Same contraindications as nitro.<br><small>Book p.573–574</small>	UT_AEMT meds book_only
Nitrous oxide 50:50: AEMT book use? (not in Utah protocols)	"<ul><li>For moderate to severe pain, self-administered.</li><li>Contraindicated with altered LOC, head injury, possible pneumothorax or chest trauma, bowel obstruction, COPD, decompression illness.</li></ul><br><small>Book p.574</small>"	UT_AEMT meds book_only
D5W: AEMT book use? (not in Utah protocols)	TKO line or med dilution only.<br><small>Book p.576</small>	UT_AEMT meds book_only
Which drugs in the AEMT book are not in Utah's protocols at any level?	"Nitropaste, nitrous oxide (Nitronox), D5W<br><small>Book Table 12-12 vs Utah 2025</small>"	UT_AEMT meds book_only
Which Utah drugs are Paramedic-only (not AEMT)?	"adenosine, haloperidol, ketamine, magnesium, norepinephrine, sodium bicarbonate, TXA, blood products, IV calcium<br><small>Utah 2025 protocols p.103</small>"	UT_AEMT meds
